The NOUN Journal of Agricultural Research and Development (NJARD)
Welcome to the NOUN Journal of Agricultural Research and Development (NJARD) The NOUN Journal of Agricultural Research and Development (NJARD) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal committed to advancing knowledge in agricultural science, technology, and sustainable development. Published by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), NJARD serves as a platform for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share innovative findings and best practices in agriculture and related fields. Our journal covers a broad range of topics, including but not limited to: Animal Science, Crop Science, Forest Science, Wildlife Management, Food Science and Technology, Fisheries, Aquaculture Management, Climate Change and Environmental Management, Climate-smart agriculture and precision farming, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Extension, Horticulture, Rural Sociology, Soil Science, Veterinary Science, Agricultural Engineering, Agroforestry practice, Biotechnology, Biomass, Carbon, Bioenergy, Genetics and Breeding, Molecular biology, Landscape ecology, Biometrics and Remote Sensing, Nature Conservation, Ecotourism, Rangeland management, Postharvest technology and food security, Sustainable resource management and other relevant fields. NJARD upholds the highest standards of scholarly publishing, ensuring rigorous peer review and open access to cutting-edge research that addresses critical challenges in global agriculture. We welcome contributions from researchers worldwide who seek to shape the future of agricultural development. For manuscript submissions, editorial policies, and publication guidelines, please explore our website. Join us in advancing agricultural research for sustainable development!
Influence of Flashed-Dried Cassava Pulp on Carcass Traits, Internal Organ Weights, cooking lost and Sensory Evaluation of Exotic Finishing Turkeys
Maize constitutes the major energy source in poultry diets, but high cost and competition with human consumption necessitate alternative feedstuffs. Flash-dried cassava pulp (FDCP) is an abundant agro-industrial by-product with potential as a maize replacer, yet data on its utilization in finisher turkeys are limited. This study was conducted to assess carcass traits, internal organ weights, cooking lost and sensory evaluation of exotic finisher turkeys fed graded levels of FDCP as partial replacement for maize. One hundred and twenty day-old British United Turkey (BUT) poults were brooded. Turkeys were transferred from the starter phase to the grower phase, where they had been already randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). FDCP replaced maize at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Each treatment had 30 birds and replicated six times with five birds per replicate. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 96 days. At 16 weeks of age, one bird per replicate was selected, weighed, and slaughtered by cervical dislocation. Live weight, plucked weight, eviscerated weight, and weights of cut parts were recorded using a sensitive scale. Dressing percentage and relative weights of cuts parts were expressed as percentages of live weights. Varied inclusion levels of FDCP improved carcass characteristics, had no deleterious effect on internal organs weights of turkey finishers and sensory evaluation scores were also improved with FDCP inclusion. Conclusively, FDCP can be included up to 15% in finisher turkey diets as a replacement for maize without compromising physiological status or carcass quality. Therefore, 15% FDCP inclusion is recommended. Further studies are suggested to evaluate inclusion levels beyond 15% and to investigate the effect of other processing methods and enzyme supplementation on FDCP utilization in turkey nutrition.
Assessment of Attitude–Behaviour Dynamics in Climate Change Adaptation among Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study investigated wheat farmers attitude behaviour gap in climate change adaptation in Kaduna State, Nigeria. It used 159 farmers selected through multi-stage random sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential (Binomial test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC)) techniques were used to analyse data of the study. Results revealed that most (79.25%) of the farmers practiced mixed cropping system and majority (45.91%) of them had a negative attitude toward climate change adaptation strategies. Some adaptation strategies effectively used include: changes in planting dates of crops (91.82%), changes in harvesting dates of crops (89.94%), fertilizer application (86.79%), alteration in timing of land preparation activities (83.65%) and cropping adjustments systems (79.25%). While some of the interventions to bridge attitude-behaviour gap of adopting climate change adoption strategies were: strengthening agricultural extension system (3.25), improving access to credit facilities (3.13), provision of incentives to farmers (3.06) and adoption of a model farmer approach (2.93). Binomial test revealed that majority of farmers (58.49%) held an unfavourable attitude toward the climate change mitigation strategies they were familiar with, while PPMC revealed that farming systems predominantly practiced by wheat farmers are significantly influenced by their attitudes toward climate change adaptation strategies. The study thus recommended that: Government bodies, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders must invest in agriculture by strengthening agricultural extension systems; and given the widespread use of mixed cropping and mixed farming as strategies to stabilize farm income, government policies should actively support and strengthen these practices.
Economic and Yield Performance of Cucumber Production under Organic and Inorganic Manure Systems among Smallholder Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) production is gaining prominence among smallholder farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria, due to favorable agro-ecological conditions, increasing urban demand, and its short production cycle. However, rising costs of inorganic fertilizers and declining soil fertility pose serious challenges to profitability. This study examined economic and yield performance of cucumber production under organic and inorganic manure systems among smallholder farmers in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Five local government areas were purposively selected for this study using a sample size of one hundred respondents. Data on input costs, yields, and output prices were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, net farm income, cost-benefit ratio (CBR), and analysis of variance. The findings reveal significant differences in production costs and profitability between manure types. The result indicates that cucumber production under inorganic manure generated higher output per hectare (21,000 kg) than production under organic manure (18,500 kg). A CBR of 11.77 for organic manure implies that every ₦1 invested generated about ₦11.77 in returns; while a CBR of 13.91 for inorganic manure indicates that every ₦1 invested yielded approximately ₦13.91 in returns. This confirms that both manure systems have CBR > 1, indicating profitability, but inorganic manure production was more economically efficient and generated higher returns on investment. The study recommends integrated nutrient management practices to enhance profitability and ensure sustainable cucumber production in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Problem Confrontation Index to Farmers’ Adoption of Climate Coping Strategies in Niger State, Nigeria
The study examined factors constraining farmer’s adoption of climate change coping strategies in Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting farmers for this study. Analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of farmers showed that about half (50.1%) of the farmers had primary, secondary or tertiary form of education. Majority (91.0%) of the farmers were male, 88.5% were married with the mean age 44 years. The mean household size was 11 persons in a household, while the average off-farm income and annual income from rice production was estimated to be ₦106,923.53 and ₦1,409,911.781 respectively. The average farm size is 2.5 hectares, implying that rice production is dominated by small-scale farmers. Farmers have observed an increase in the occurrence of erratic rainfall, rising temperature, occurrence of extreme winds, and increase in the duration and frequency of dry spells which influence negatively on rice production. This was indicated by 55.6%, 53.3%, 44.7%, and 56.4% of the farmers respectively. The highest constraints to the rice farmers’ adoption of climate coping strategies are high cost of farm inputs, inadequate access to weather information, economic/financial constraints, and inadequate access to credit. Each had problem confrontation index (PCI) value of 1228, 1219, 1190, and 1183 indicating the severity of each constraint respectively. Stakeholders should make efforts towards subsidizing agricultural inputs to farmers in order to facilitate their adoption of climate coping strategies. Also, policy makers should introduce climate-risk insurance to protect farmers from losses caused by droughts, erratic rainfall and extreme winds event.
inadequate access to weather information
Effects of Lysine-Supplemented Groundnut Cake Diets on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings
Aquaculture plays a vital role in meeting the increasing demand for high-quality animal protein. However, feed costs account for over 50% of production expenses, limiting profitability and sustainability. Locally available plant protein sources such as groundnut cake offer a cost-effective alternative, but their use is constrained by deficiencies in essential amino acids, particularly lysine. This study evaluated the effects of lysine-supplemented groundnut cake–based diets on the growth performance and carcass quality of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings. Fingerlings (mean weight 1.54 g) were stocked at 15 fish per 60-L circular plastic tank and assigned to six experimental diets in triplicate. Diets included a fishmeal-based control (GFM), groundnut cake without lysine (GL0), and four lysine-supplemented diets: GL1 (0.25 g/kg), GL2 (0.5 g/kg), GL3 (0.75 g/kg), and GL4 (1.0 g/kg). All diets contained approximately 35% crude protein and were fed for 8 weeks. Mean weight gain was highest in GL2 (4.05 g), followed by GL3 (3.31 g), GL0 (2.81 g), GL4 (2.67 g), and GL1 (2.25 g). GL2 also recorded the highest specific growth rate (0.63% day⁻¹), best feed conversion ratio (2.15), and protein efficiency ratio (1.48). Carcass protein content was highest in GL3 (56.76%), followed by GL2 (47.95%). Lysine supplementation significantly improved growth, feed utilization, and carcass composition, with 0.5 g/kg (GL2) identified as the optimum inclusion level.
Assessment of Variability in the Adoption of Cocoa Technologies among Farmers in Ekiti and Ondo States, Nigeria.
A critical path to the deployment of scarce extension services resources for agricultural development is the identification and targeting of farmers who need such services. There is dearth of data on farmers socio-economic groups response to available technologies in the cocoa industry. This study therefore explored the variability in adoption of improved management practices among cocoa farmers in Ekiti and Ondo States, both in the southwest region of Nigeria. Data were collected from 391 farmers (170 from Ekiti and 221 from Ondo) and analysed using frequency tables, Anova and Cochran Q-test. Result on socio-economic characteristics of cocoa farmers in the study area revealed that the average age was 45 years, majority were male (74.94%) and married (84.14%). The average family size stood at 5 people, those with formal education constituted 84.14%, the average farming experience was 18 years the average farm size was 3.85ha while the average annual income was N853,900.26.The Cochran Q-test result (χ2 = 1103; p≤0.01) revealed significant variability in cocoa technologies adopted by the farmers with the most significant being insecticides and fungicides (0.86) and regular weeding (0.84) while the least significant were solar drier (0.24) and fencing cocoa nursery with wire mesh (0.54). T-test and ANOVA results revealed significant (p < 0.01) variability in adoption behaviour across the following socio-economic characteristics: sex (t = 2.1), age (F = 4.00) and education (F = 5.73). The need to target extension services at farmers of different socio-economic characteristic level was emphasized.
Assessment of Soil Degradation under Different Toposequence Units and Cropping Systems in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
The study was carried out to assess the degree of soil degradation at different sampling seasons, toposequence units and different cropping systems at JoSTUM and Wurukum in Makurdi, 2023. Soil samples were taken at 0–15 and 15–30 cm depths at the toposequence units under different crop types (maize, cassava and cowpea) and two seasons (June/July and December/January) for routine analysis. The experimental design was a 2x3x3 factorial experiment laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. Data analysis was done using Genstat Statistical software, and significant means were separated using Fisher’s least significant difference at 5% level of probability. Soil degradation assessment was done using standard indicators and criteria. Soils of the two locations were loamy sand in texture. Soil bulk density ranged from 1.46 to 1.63 gcm-3. Total porosity ranged from 47.99 to 55.80 % while Soil Moisture Content and Saturated hydraulic conductivity were not significantly different between locations. Soil pH was slightly to moderately acidic, total nitrogen was low across the two locations, sampling seasons and toposequence units. Cation exchange capacity did not differ significantly. The soils of JoSTUM were more degraded compared with the soils of Wurukum. Likewise, dry-season sampling indicated higher degradation than wet-season sampling. Degradation decreased progressively with slope position, being most severe at the upper slope, followed by middle slope, and least at the toe slope. The study revealed that degradation was more pronounced in upper slope positions, during the dry season, and under cassava cultivation, indicating the need for improved soil conservation and nutrient restoration practices.
Evolutionary Psychology of Aquaculture Decision Making: An Iceberg Model Perspective
Aquaculture plays an increasingly important role in global food security, livelihood diversification, and economic development. However, decision making within aquaculture systems often deviates from conventional economic assumptions, particularly in developing country contexts where uncertainty, resource limitations, and institutional constraints are prevalent. This review paper presents a conceptual analysis of aquaculture decision making through the integration of evolutionary psychology and the Iceberg Model of systems thinking. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from aquaculture, behavioural economics, psychology, and systems theory, the study examines how cognitive biases, social dynamics, and structural conditions interact to shape farmer behaviour and production yields. The analysis demonstrates that observable effects such as low adoption of innovations, risk-averse investment behaviour, and uneven productivity are influenced by deeper behavioural patterns, systemic structures, and underlying mental models. Evolutionary drivers including loss aversion, risk perception, heuristic decision making, and social learning are shown to significantly influence aquaculture practices, particularly under conditions of uncertainty. The Iceberg Model also reveals how these behavioural tendencies are reinforced by institutional limitations, cultural norms, and socio-economic realities, creating feedback loops that sustain existing practices. The paper argues that effective aquaculture development requires interventions that move beyond technical and and surface-level solutions to address the behavioural and systemic factors influencing decision making. Integrating evolutionary psychology with systems thinking provides a more holistic framework for understanding aquaculture behaviour and offers practical insights for designing resilient, inclusive and behaviourally informed aquaculture policies and development strategies.
Nutritional Evaluation of Maize Stover Silage Enriched with Selected Browse Fodder Species for Ruminant Feeding
In tropical regions, climatic variations significantly affect both the availability and nutritional quality of forages for ruminant production. Consequently, the utilization of maize (Zea mays L.) stover silage has been suggested as an alternative feed source. However, the inherently low protein content of maize stover necessitates its combination with browse legumes to enhance its nutritional value. This research was conducted to assess the proximate composition and mineral profile of maize stover residues (MSR) ensiled with selected browses (Gliricidia sepium (GS), Ficus thonningii (FT), and Gmelina arborea (GA) using four dietary treatments - T1 (100% MSR), T2 (MSR70GS30), T3 (MSR70FT30), and T4 (MSR70GA30) after stored for 21 days. The inclusion of browse species significantly (P<0.05) affected proximate composition of the silage as T1 has the highest dry matter, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, and acid detergent lignin of 35.06, 37.82, 64.51, 32.62, 13.54% respectively compared to other dietary treatments, while T3 had the highest crude protein (16.50%) and ash content (10.12%). The silage pH and temperature ranges between 4.30 – 4.60 and 27.53 – 28.30 °C, respectively. Mineral composition analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments, with T3 having the highest concentrations of phosphorus (0.35%), potassium (0.86%), calcium (0.27%), magnesium (0.21%), iron (191.50 mg/kg), and zinc (51.94 mg/kg). The findings suggest that ensiling maize stover residues with browse species mixtures can serve as a valuable supplementary feed for ruminants.
Spatio-Temporal Drivers of Artisanal Fishing Productivity in Nigerian Inland Waters: A Socioeconomic and Technological Perspective for Sustainable Fisheries Policy
Inland artisanal fisheries are critical to food security, rural livelihoods, and ecological sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, rivers such as the Niger and Benue support millions of artisanal fishers, yet the sector faces challenges from environmental degradation, seasonal variability, and socioeconomic disparities. This study presents a spatio-temporal assessment of artisanal fishing productivity across selected inland fishing grounds in Kogi State, integrating ecological patterns with fisher-specific socioeconomic and technological factors. A multi-site, longitudinal survey was conducted across 240 artisanal fishing households over 18 months. Data were collected on monthly catch volume, fisher demographics, fishing experience, gear type, and boat usage. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and catch per unit effort (CPUE) calculations to explore productivity drivers across seasonal and spatial contexts. Results revealed that dry season catches were generally higher than rainy season yields, particularly in Obagu, Ibiga, and Angwa Masara. Male fishers recorded higher average catch (1670.43 kg) than females (1562.62 kg), likely due to greater access to education and motorized gear. Users of motorized boats achieved higher catch volumes (1703.46 kg) compared to non-motorized users (1645.41 kg). Regression analysis confirmed that education, fishing experience, gender, and gear type significantly influence productivity. CPUE was also markedly higher in high-performing sites, emphasizing localized efficiency disparities. These findings highlight the need for inclusive, site-specific, and seasonally adaptive fisheries policies. Investments in education, gear modernization, and gender-responsive support systems are essential for promoting sustainability and equity in Nigeria’s inland fisheries.
Evaluation of post-harvest handling practices of horticultural crops among rural farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria.
The study evaluated post-harvest handling practices of selected horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables) among rural farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. A sample of 205 respondents was selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that the majority (76.5%) of respondents were aged 41–60 years, 57.5% were male, and 67.5% were married. Most farmers (62.5%) had no formal education, 57% cultivated about three hectares of land, and 58% had over 26 years of farming experience. Annual income for most respondents (61%) ranged between ₦100,000 and ₦150,000. Six traditional post-harvest practices were predominant: washing and cleaning with hot water (Mean = 3.14), hand sorting and grading (M = 2.99), head-loading and truck transport (M = 2.83), packaging in woven baskets (M = 2.76), and hand-picking for harvesting (M = 2.72). The use of modern post-harvest practices was generally low. Factor analysis revealed three major categories of challenges: socio-economic (low income, poor access to credit, lack of extension services, and limited education), environmental (high temperature and low humidity), and infrastructural (inadequate storage, packaging, and transportation facilities). The Kruskal-Walli’s test (R1 = 100.4, R2 = 100.9, R3 = 99.9) showed no significant differences across agricultural zones in farmers’ awareness of modern practices. It was recommended that gender disparities be reduced to ensure equal access to farm inputs, while extension services should intensify training on improved handling, processing, storage, and packaging. Furthermore, public and private investment in Agro-based industries is necessary to support processing and packaging of horticultural produce in Kogi State.
Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) and compost fertilizer on selected soil properties, growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L (MOENCH).) in Niger State.
This experiment evaluated the potentials of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ((AMF) Glomus intraradices) and compost fertilizer (CF) on okra performance and selected soil properties. Four treatments consisting of sole AMF (10 g plot-1), CF (500 g plot-1), their combination (AMF+CF; 5 g+250 g plot-1) and an absolute control was laid in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times at the Horticulture and Landscape Teaching and Research farm, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State. Okra (Clemson spineless) was grown till maturity; growth and yield parameters were taken, selected soil physical and chemical properties were carried out in Soil Science and Land Management, laboratory, F.U.T. Minna. Significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (p<0.05). The results shows that for most okra growth parameters taken (Plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, fruit number and fruit weight), significant (P<0.05) increase with the application of AMF, AMF+CF compared to the sole use of CF and control were observed. Likewise, the use of AMF, AMF+CF and CF, increased Total Nitrogen, Available phosphorus and Organic carbon in soil as compared to the control plot after harvest. This implies that the use of AMF, AMF+CF and CF are beneficial to the enhancement of okra growth and yield and could serve as a promising soil fertility amendment if well managed.
Morphological and Zoometrical Indices for Assessing Ethnological and Functional Traits in Red Sokoto Does and Other Nigerian Indigenous Goat Populations
This study assessed morphological and zoometrical traits of Red Sokoto does within Kano metropolis and compared them with Sahel goats across Nigeria. Forty-seven Red Sokoto does were evaluated using twelve linear body measurements to derive key morpho-functional indices. Heart girth showed a strong positive correlation with body weight, supporting its use for field weight prediction. Conformation and Compactness Indices increased significantly with age and parity, reflecting enhanced functional traits in mature, multiparous does. Most indices showed low variation, indicating genetic stability, while moderate variability in Body Length Index suggested potential for selection. A broader comparison with Sahel goats (n = 100) revealed significant inter-breed differences, particularly in pelvic structure. Overall, Nigerian indigenous goats were medium-sized with meat-type conformations. These results highlight the genetic diversity and structural soundness of Red Sokoto goats, providing valuable insights for sustainable breeding, conservation, and productivity improvement strategies.
Consequences of Gramoxone Application on some Soil Properties on the Germinations and Growth Parameters of Okra in Obioakpa, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
A field study was carried out at the Teaching and Research farm of Akwa Ibom State University ObioAkpa Campus, between January and February 2025, to evaluate the effect of gramoxone herbicide on selected soil properties, germination, and growth parameters of okra in ObioAkpa. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, replicated three times in 3x4 factorial arrangements. Factor ‘A’ was an okra variety (East West Safa), while treatments were four (4) rates of gramoxone herbicides (0, 3, 4 and 5l/ha). Data collected from the growth parameters were subjected to analysis of variance. Significant means were compared using least significant difference (P < 0.05). Results showed gramoxone herbicide applied at 3L/ha enhanced a high germination rate (89.00% at 5 days after planting (DAP)). Also, 3L/ha of gramoxone herbicide promoted a high number of leaves each week after planting: 2WAP(5.10), 3WAP(3.89), 4WAP(3.89), 5WAP(4.11), 6WAP (4.33), and 7WAP(4.33). In plant height and leaf area, 3WAP of gramoxone herbicides indicated a significant difference (p<0.05) with high leaves of plant height and leaf area, followed by 5L/ha. The least plant height and leaf area were recorded in 4L/ha of gramoxone. The study therefore recommended gramoxone herbicide application at 3L/ha to farmers in ObioAkpa and its environs.
Comparative Study on Households’ Consumption Pattern of Beef and Poultry Meats: A Case Study of Ondo West
This study assessed beef and poultry consumption patterns in Ondo West's urban households. The study's goals were to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of these households, the frequency of beef and poultry consumption, and preferences for beef and poultry meat. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents from five towns in Ondo West LGA. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. According to the findings, 50% of the respondents were of equal gender, 58% were married, and 64% were between the ages of 21 and 40. Furthermore, 52% reported have a monthly income of #31,000 to #60,000. The study also revealed that households preferred beef and poultry meat, with mean ratings of 3.62 and 3.64, indicating a positive attitude towards both. Consumers rated beef as more affordable than chicken, with a mean score of 3.45. The survey indicated beef was the most desired meat, with the highest mean score of 3.74, indicating its widespread usage among households studied. This study found that beef is the most consumed and preferred meat in Ondo West. Efforts should focus on increasing beef production and raising awareness about the nutritional benefits of poultry to encourage its consumption.
Farmers' Awareness of Information Sources of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Bayelsa and Delta States, Nigeria
This study explored farmers awareness of information sources of climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices and adaptation strategies of climate change in Bayelsa and Delta States, Nigeria. It used multi-stage sampling technique to select 598 respondents for the study. The data were collected using questionnaire and interview schedule. It employed descriptive and inferential statistics to analyses the data the study. The findings revealed that a significant majority (77.09%) of farmers were aware of CSA practices, with personal observation (72.91%), friends (62.21%), relatives (52.01%), and radio (51.34%) identified as the primary sources of information. The study found a strong positive relationship between access to reliable information and increased awareness of CSA practices. However, farmers face numerous challenges, including inadequate finance (92.47%), labour scarcity (87.12%), limited access to technical knowledge (85.95%), poor infrastructure (52.17%), soil nutrient depletion (59.03%), pest infestations (64.21%), and rising costs (81.61%) which hinder the full adoption of CSA strategies. Despite these challenges, the study recommended the potential for greater adoption of CSA practices when farmers would be supported with reliable information, financial assistance, and improved infrastructure. The findings suggested that strengthening extension services, providing affordable inputs, and enhancing climate information systems could significantly boost farmers' capacity to mitigate the impacts of climate change, thereby contributing to increased agricultural productivity and food security.
Charcoal Amendment Enhances Sorghum Yield and Biomass Production: A Sustainable Approach to Improved Crop Performance.
Field experiment was conducted during the 2024 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University Kano (BUK), and the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Bagauda, to assess the effect of charcoal on the growth and yield of sorghum. Four charcoal application rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t/ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results of the study indicated that charcoal application significantly (p < 0.05) influenced plant height, panicle weight, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and biomass weight. The 10 t/ha treatment consistently produced the highest values for panicle weight (2656 kg/ha and 2958.96 kg/ha), biomass (5391 kg/ha and 5807.41 kg/ha), and grain yield (2244.44 kg/ha and 2686 kg/ha) at both locations. Grain yield showed a strong positive correlation with plant height, panicle weight, panicle length, and biomass. The findings suggest that charcoal enhances soil productivity and sorghum performance, with 10 t/ha identified as the optimal rate under the study conditions.
Colocacia esculenta meal based-diet: effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and some carcass traits of turkey poults.
70-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the apparent effect of Colocacia esculenta on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and some carcass traits of turkey poults. Experimental feeds were formulated to meet the dietary/nutritional requirements of the animals. Eighty poults were allocated to five (5) dietary units after brooding for three weeks. Each treatment had a total of sixteen (16) birds with four (4) replicates of four (4) birds per replicate. The experiment was structured in a completely randomized design (CRD). Control treatment (1) had 00% Colocacia esculenta while the rest treatments (2, 3, 4 and 5) had 25, 50, 75 and 100% in that order. The research revealed that some performance traits such as; final weight gain, total weight gain, daily weight gain and daily feed intake were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Total feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not show significant (P>0.05) difference. Results from the digestibility trial depicts that dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract were significantly (P<0.05) affected. Dry matter digestibility was better in control treatment and treatment 5 with 100% Colocacia esculenta. Ash and ether extract were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced but showed close statistical values. All the assayed carcass profiles such as bled/slaughter weight, defeathered weight, eviscerated weight and dressing percentage indicated significant (P<0.05) difference. The findings of this research explicitly revealed that Colocacia esculenta meal could replace maize with better performance at 50% level and maintain digestibility and carcass traits of turkey poults.
Growth Performance of Male Rabbits Orally Gavaged with Different Levels of Monosodium Glutamate in the Semi-Arid Zone of Nigeria
This study evaluated the effects of graded levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG) administered orally on the growth performance of male rabbits. Thirty-two mongrel bucks (average weight 1039 ± 15.6 g) were housed in a completely randomized design at the University Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State. Rabbits were fed commercial pelletized growers MAXX diet and water ad libitum. After 14 days of acclimatization, they were assigned to four treatments of eight rabbits each. A stock solution was prepared by dissolving 40 g MSG in 1 L of distilled water. Group 1 served as control and received 2 ml distilled water only, while Groups 2, 3, and 4 received 2, 4, and 6 ml MSG/kg BW, respectively, administered orally every 48 hours for 56 days using a round-head syringe. Initial body weights showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among groups. However, rabbits in T3 (4 ml MSG) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight (3037.60 g), total weight gain (2002.40 g), and average daily gain (35.75 g) compared with other treatments. Daily and total feed intake were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by MSG, with the highest values (126.13 g/day; 7063.30 g total) observed in T4 (6 ml MSG). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P < 0.05) poorer in T4 (4.29). It was concluded that oral administration of MSG at 4 ml/kg BW enhanced rabbit performance, and its use at this level is recommended.
Farm household allocative efficiency and cost-Benefit Analysis of sweet potato among farming families in Igabi agro-ecological environment
The study was conducted to ascertain the allocative efficiency of sweet potato output in Igabi agro-ecological Zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 120 respondents were chosen for in-depth analysis using multi-stage random sampling and purposeful sampling strategies. Information for the primary data was gathered through an oral interview and a standardized questionnaire. The study's objectives were captured using the Logistic regression method, costs and return analysis, percentage replies, and allocative efficiency. The socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers revealed that the majority of respondents were older, female, and had a somewhat large household. They also belonged to an organization. The study revealed that, N1,022,000, N1,118,000, and 1:1.47 were the Net Farm Income (NFI), gross margin, and benefit cost ratio, respectively. Furthermore, by matching their factor prices to the value marginal product (VMP), none of the farmers were able to reach allocative efficiency. The findings indicated that the farmers were unable to achieve optimal resource allocation (r=1) because labor, fertilizer, and capital input were overutilized (r>1), while other resources, such as farm area (0.761) and planting material, were underutilized (r<1). Household size, credit, and farming expertise were the factors that determined the allocative efficiency of sweet potato output. It is necessary to improve farmers' access to credit and fertilizer educational programmes and extension services to boost their allocative efficiency.
Impact of Irrigation Reform on Rice Yield: Evidence from Triming Project Participants in North-West Nigeria
This study investigates the impact of the TRIMING (Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria) project on rice yields of farmers in North-West Nigeria. Using a multistage sampling procedure a total of 666 respondents were randomly selected. Primary data were collected from project participants and non-participants using the KoboCollect tool, and were analyzed using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and an Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model to rigorously estimate the project’s effect on rice yield while addressing selection bias and endogeneity. The result shows a statistically significant and positive impact of the TRIMING Project on rice yield. The participants rice yield had increased by 1,468 kg/ha compared to if they didn’t participate in the project, especially in Zamfara State, non-participating households, had a potential for substantial gains if they were to join (Average Treatment Effect on the Untreated, ATU =1409kg/ha), consequently, the overall Average Treatment Effect (ATE =1439) on the entire population is considerable. The ESR model confirms the presence of selection bias, with both observable and unobservable factors influencing participation and outcomes. However, the project's impact is heterogeneous, with effects varying significantly between Jigawa and Zamfara states, and between participants and non-participants in certain contexts. These findings support the need for region-specific implementation strategies, enhanced extension services, and improved input access. The study provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of targeted irrigation interventions and offers critical policy guidance for scaling agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
Effect of Variety and Planting Date on Cowpea Growth in Maize-Cowpea Intercrop in Southern Guinea Savannah, Kwara State
On-Farm Adaptive Methodology was used in conducting the present study in loffa and Offa. both situated within the wet Savannah of Nigeria. The main objective of the study was to launch cowpea to the status of a major crop and farming system in the ecological. The cowpea varieties (ITZ-82-90-SAMPEA17, Ex-Borno and Ife Brown) were tested against three sowing dates. The data collected were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD at the P≥0.05 level of significance. Variety × Sowing Date significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduces days to 50% flower initiation to as low flowering was recorded from the interaction of Ife Brown with the individual sowing dates and the interaction of Ex-Borno versus the 3 sowing dates. The interaction of (the three) sowing dates and both Ife Brown and Ex-Borno resulted in a higher nodule count in the range of 52-61. Other morphological traits like plant height and relative growth rate were likewise significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by variety × sowing date. The individual interaction of Ex-Borno and Ife Brown with sowing on 13/09/2023recorded the highest cowpea grain yield from the two locations of the experiment. An average cowpea grain yield of 1109 and 1106.5 kg/ha was recorded from Iloffa and Offa, respectively. Based on the findings, both Ife Brown and Ex-Borno were recommended for late sowing on the 13th of September in the wet Savannah.
Effect of Some Factors on Carcass Traits of Nigerian Sheep Breeds
This study assessed the influence of breed, sex, and location on carcass traits of Nigerian sheep (Yankasa, Uda, Balami).A total of 126 sheep were sourced from abattoirs in Gombe, Yobe, and Borno States. Carcass traits evaluated included hot carcass weight (HCW), neck weight (NW), shoulder weight (SHW), rack weight (RckW), breast weight (BrstW), leg weight (LgW), and loin weight (LnW). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed clear effects of breed, sex, and location on carcass traits. Sheep from Borno State consistently exhibited higher values for most carcass parameters, followed by those from Yobe and Gombe. Among the breeds, Balami sheep outperformed Uda and Yankasa in nearly all measured traits across all locations. Males also showed higher carcass values than females within each breed. Notably, Balami rams from Borno State recorded the highest carcass weights across most traits, including HCW, NW, SHW, RckW, LgW, and LnW. In contrast, the lowest values were observed in Yankasa ewes from Gombe State. The findings highlight significant interactions between breed, sex, and location, emphasizing the importanceof considering these factors in sheep breeding and meat production strategies.
Investigating the Impact of Breed on Selected Fear Behaviors in four Meat type Chicken
Fear is a critical welfare concern in poultry, often linked to reduced productivity. While growth and feed efficiency traits have been extensively studied in commercial broiler breeds, limited information exists on breed-specific differences in fear-related behaviors. This study evaluated fear responses in four broiler breeds using the tonic immobility (TI), inversion, and emergence tests at weeks 1, 2, and 3 of age. A total of 100 chicks (25 per breed), all from a common genetic background, were assessed. Results showed that emergence duration significantly differed by breed at all three time points, with Cobb 500 and Marshall generally emerging faster. Tonic immobility duration varied significantly by breed only at week 1, with Marshall exhibiting the longest duration. Inversion test results revealed significant breed effects across all weeks, with Marshall birds consistently showing the highest number of wing flaps, a strong fear indicator. Overall, Marshall chickens displayed the most pronounced fear responses across multiple tests and time points, indicating higher baseline fearfulness compared to other breeds. This study investigated breed-specific differences in fear behaviors among four commercial broiler breeds—Arbor Acres, Marshall, Ross 308, and Cobb 500—at weeks 1 to 3 of age. Using tonic immobility, inversion, and emergence tests, significant differences were observed in behavioral responses across breeds and ages. Marshall chickens exhibited the highest fear responses, as indicated by prolonged tonic immobility and increased wing flapping. The findings underscore the need to consider behavioral traits in broiler breeding programs to enhance welfare outcomes.
Viability and Vigour Qualities of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Seeds influenced By Seed Dressing Chemicals.
Seed dressing chemicals play a critical role in enhancing seed quality and protecting against seed–borne pathogens with varying effects on germination and seedling growth. This study evaluated the impact of different seed dressing treatments on germination and early growth parameters. A variety of bell peppers and three seed dressing chemicals (Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl –M 20% + Tebuconazole 2% WS, Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl 20% and Imidacloprid 10% + Thiram 10%) were tested. Final germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate index, germination energy, germination index, and seedling growth parameters were investigated to determine the effectiveness of the seed dressing chemicals. Results showed that the control, Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl 20% and Imidacloprid 10% + Thiram 10% treatments maintained relatively high germination performance. However, Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl –M 20% + Tebuconazole 2% WS drastically reduced germination (5.00%) and all other germination indices, indicating severe toxicity. Similarly, Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl –M 20% + Tebuconazole 2% WS had the most detrimental effects on seedling growth, resulting in a significantly reduced plumule length (0.04 cm), radicle length (0.98 cm), and SVI (15.25). Conversely, Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl 20% exhibited comparable performance to the control in both germination and seedling vigour, while Imidacloprid 10% + Thiram 10% showed moderate inhibitory effects on root and shoot development. Conclusively, these findings suggest that Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl 20% is a promising seed dressing chemical, while Imidacloprid 20% + Metalaxyl –M 20% + Tebuconazole 2% WS has a strong inhibitory effect and should be avoided or reformulated.
A Correlational Analysis between Students’ Proficiency in English Language and their Academic Performance in Agricultural Science in FCT, Abuja
This study investigated the correlation between students' English language proficiency and their academic performance in Agricultural Science among senior secondary school students in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. A quantitative research design, specifically a correlational survey, was employed. A sample of 300 Senior Secondary School (SSS) II students was randomly selected from six public secondary schools across the FCT. Data were collected using two instruments: an English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT) and students' academic records in Agricultural Science from the preceding term. The ELPT, developed by the researcher and validated by language experts, comprised multiple-choice questions assessing grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension. Academic performance in Agricultural Science was measured by students' scores in their end-of-term examinations. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to analyse the relationship between the two variables. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between English language proficiency and academic performance in Agricultural Science. This finding was predicated on the calculated r-value which is r=0.65 and the p-value associated with this correlation which is less than the chosen significance level (p<0.05), clearly indicating a statistically significant, strong positive correlation between students' English language proficiency and their academic performance in Agricultural Science in the FCT, Abuja. This suggests that students with higher English language proficiency tend to perform better in Agricultural Science. The study recommends that educational stakeholders, including policymakers, school administrators, and teachers, should prioritize the improvement of English language skills among students to enhance their overall academic achievement, particularly in content-heavy subjects like Agricultural Science.
Evaluating the Effects of Weed Control Methods on the Growth and Yield of Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis l.) in South West Nigeria
Field trials were conducted over three cropping seasons in 2013 to 2015, to evaluate the effect of weed control methods on the growth and yield of jackbean at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (070 20′ N, 3o 23′ E, 159 m above sea level). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed control treatments consisted of eight weed control methods viz: ProbabenR (prometryne + metolachlor, 200+200 g of a.i. per L), Super UnionR (prometryne + acetochlor, 130+380 g of a.i. per L) each applied at 2.4 kg a.i ha, 1.6 kg a.i/ha, 1.6 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding, two hoe-weedings at 3 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP) and a weedy check. Data collected on jackbean growth and yield were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means separated using 5% least significant difference (LSD at p ≤ 0.05). Results showed that jackbean growth and yield were improved by the weed control treatments compared to untreated plots. Across the three years, plots treated with ProbabenR and Super UnionR plus supplementary hoe weeding led to maximum pod and kernel yields. Uncontrolled weeds led to 60.42%, 61.48% and 65.97% losses in number of pods, pod yield and kernel yield, respectively in jackbean compared to application of Super UnionR plus supplementary hoe weeding. The study concluded that application of ProbabenR at 1.6 kg a.i/ha and Super UnionR followed by hoe weeding proved more effective and can be adopted by farmers for improved jackbean production.
Functional Properties of Cassava Starch under Moist Sawdust and Trench Storage: Implications for Postharvest Management
This study investigated the impact of post-harvest storage methods (moist sawdust and trench storage) on the functional properties of starch extracted from bitter (TMS 30572) and sweet (TMS 4(2)1425) cassava varieties over a six-week period. Key functional properties analyzed included water absorption capacity, bulk density, swelling index, least gelation concentration (LGC), and pasting behavior using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). Starch from both varieties showed no initial swelling potential (0 weeks) but exhibited gradual increases in swelling index during storage, influenced by starch-water hydrogen bonding and structural differences. Bulk density increased progressively across all samples, correlating with improved wettability and sink ability for industrial applications. Water absorption capacity remained lowest in starch products, attributed to variations in amylose/amylopectin ratios and granule size. LGC trends revealed divergent behavior: starch from sweet cassava stored in moist sawdust (SDSCS) showed consistent gelation improvement, while other samples fluctuated, reflecting interactions between starch constituents and storage-induced biochemical changes. Pasting properties demonstrated dynamic changes, with peak viscosity decreasing initially (0–2 weeks) due to microbial alteration of starch structure, followed by recovery (4–6 weeks). Moist sawdust storage better preserved functional integrity, particularly for sweet cassava, which displayed higher peak viscosity stability. Trench-stored samples exhibited greater variability, likely due to environmental exposure. The study concluded that moist sawdust storage optimizes functional properties for industrial use, mitigating post-harvest deterioration while enhancing starch quality. These findings provide actionable insights for small-scale farmers and cassava processors to reduce losses, improve food safety, and increase market value through tailored storage practices.
Influence of Different Organic Manures Used as Soil Amendments on the Yield and Potassium Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) at NOUN Research Farm, Rigachikun, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Declining soil fertility and limited access to synthetic fertilizers in Nigeria's Northern Guinea Savanna necessitate sustainable alternatives for soil nutrient management. This study evaluated the effects of various animal- and plant-based organic manures on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and potassium (K) uptake. Field trials were conducted during the 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons at the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Research Farm, Rigachikun, Kaduna State. Treatments included poultry droppings (POD), cow dung (COD), pig waste (PIW), groundnut shells (GNS), millet husks (MIL), rice mill waste (RMW), and a control (no manure), all applied at 10 t/ha. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used. Data on grain yield and K uptake were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) at p ≤ 0.05. Results showed significant yield differences among treatments. In 2022, the highest grain yield (7.90 t/ha) was from poultry droppings, while in 2023, pig waste (5.00 t/ha) outperformed other treatments. Potassium uptake followed a similar trend, with cow dung recording the highest values (33.53 kg/ha in 2022 and 29.28 kg/ha in 2023). The findings demonstrate that both animal- and plant-derived manures improve maize yield and K uptake, with poultry droppings and pig waste being the most effective. These results highlight the potential of organic manures as low-cost, sustainable inputs for restoring soil fertility and enhancing food production in the Northern Guinea Savanna.
Assessment of Effects of Economic Empowerment Programmes On Rural Women in Kachia Local Government Area in Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study examined the assessment of the effects of economic empowerment programme on rural women in Kachia Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 408 farmers for this study. Data were collected through interview schedule using structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data. Result of the findings reveals that, late loan disbursement, poor extension services and inadequate storage facilities; while inadequate fertilizer supply, poor marketing and inadequate storage facilities were found to be the key impediments to full actualization of Fadama III Development Project in Kachia LGA. The study concludes that the Women Helping Women intervention projects in the study area had more effect on the beneficiaries than Fadama III Development Project being carried out. The study recommends that, Women Helping Women intervention projects should help farmers’ established cooperative association, provision of loans and farm inputs (fertilizers, seeds) and disbursed on time at the onset of farming season to farmers and farmers should form smaller production cluster to improve their market intelligence.